Tuesday, July 7, 2020
Global Warming Essay Sample
Global Warming Sample Essay Introduction            Global warming refers to the persistent rise in the earth’s temperature, including the temperature of the air, the sea, and the surface of the earth. Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperatures have cumulatively risen by about 0.8 ° C; two-thirds of the rise has been recorded since 1980. It means that the Earth’s surface has become much warmer in the last three decades than ever before, according to the records since 1850 (See, 2001). For this reason, the scientists around the world have been working extra hard to find out the cause of the global warming. This continued research allowed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to conclude that most effects of the global warming are caused by rising accumulation of greenhouse gases produced as a result of the human activities such as industrial production and engine emissions. This conclusion is supported by over 90% of scientists; i t was also adopted by the national science academies of all leading industrialized nations. Moreover, this assertion was affirmed by the findings of the 2013 research, in which the IPCC indicated that the biggest contributor to the global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted in the process of the  fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and some other human activities such as deforestation (See, 2001).            Nevertheless, a recent study conducted by Henrik Svensmark, a Danish physicist, indicated that the carbon dioxide emission is not the primary cause of global warming. Svensmark (2007) came up with the theory of Cosmoclimatology, which outlines a natural mechanism causing the climatic fluctuations. This theory suggests that the accumulation of cosmic rays caused by the variations in the sun's electromagnetic field is the primary driver of the global warming. This paper focuses on the Cosmoclimatology theory in explaining the causes of the global warming. The Cosmoclimatology Theory            The Cosmoclimatology theory outlines a chain of events that causes the fluctuations in the global temperatures, which currently result in a number of climatic challenges and global warming. The theory explains that the global warming is caused by the cosmic rays; the explosion of supernovas and collisions of the celestial objects in the cosmos produce rays that come to the earth surface (Svensmark, 2012). Most of the cosmic rays are prevented from reaching the earth by the electromagnetic activity of the sun. The theory explains that when the sun is active, solar wind sweeps away the cosmic rays around the earth, thus preventing them from reaching the atmosphere. On the other hand, when the sun is inactive, there is insufficient solar wind to sweep away the rays; hence, more cosmic rays penetrate into the earth’s atmosphere.            When the cosmic rays reach the lower atmosphere layers of the Earth that contain more sulphur dioxide, ozone, and water vapor, the rays ionizes the air. Consequently, they produce electrons that cause the formation of more cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) hence creation of the more dense clouds (Svensmark Friis-Christensen, 1997). The formed dense low-clouds act as a shield that reflects more solar energy back to the space, thus cooling down the planet. In the absence of the dense clouds, more solar energy reaches the earth’s atmosphere resulting in the global warming. It means that the variations in the sun’s electromagnetic activity and intensity of the cosmic rays from space cause the periodic warming and cooling of the Earth (Svensmark, 2007). Therefore, the presence of the solar-modulated cosmic ray occurrences fully explains the causes of the global warming experienced in the world today. This Cosmoclimatology theory co mpletely exonerates the initial theory about the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions as the cause of the global warming. If this theory is right, the present efforts by to world leaders to minimize the greenhouse gas emission from the industries around the world re inconsequential since the real cause is not considered. The nations are going to lose their economic power when more manufacturing processes are reduced or stopped, but global warming will still be experienced. History of the Cosmoclimatology Theory Development            The development of the Cosmoclimatology theory can be traced back to 1904 when Edward L. Maunder tried to associate the occurrence of sunspots with the changes in the world temperatures. In 1904, the scientist noticed that the number of sunspots had an eleven-year cycle. Today, they can be observed in real time online at spaceweather.com website. The analysis of a 400-year record of the sunspots monthly number revealed that there were only few occurrences between 1645 and 1715 (Svensmark, 1998). Maunder named this period the Maunder Minimum and this period corresponded to the coldest period ever experienced in the last 1000 years, also known as the Little Ice Age. A possible link between the sunspots and cold climate has since then instigated the climatologists to continue the study and try to associate the number of sunspots with different climate variables, such as temperature and precipitations.            The attempts to link the sunspots and climate variations were later abandoned in the 1980s after it was found out that the percentage adjustment of the solar heating was inadequate to cause the variations. These findings changed the focus to the connections between the cosmic rays and sunspots, beryllium-10 on the surface of meteorites, carbon-14 in the atmosphere, and other issues. Further study reported that the dating of carbon-14 required to be adjusted to follow up the fluctuations of the cosmic rays, the failure made most carbon-14 samples inconsistent (Svensmark, Friis-Christensen, 1997).This finding asked a further question of whether the cosmic rays could have any unknown influence on other geophysical phenomena; hence, the climatologists continued with more research. A New Climate Theory            In 1995, a breakthrough was made by Henrik Svensmark; he discovered a convincing link between the cosmic ray flux and cloud cover of the Earth. The scientist has proved that when the sun is more active, more sunspots are recorded, stronger magnetic field is produced, and the larger auroras of the solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines occur; consequently, the solar winds are stronger. The strong solar winds sweep away the cosmic rays around the Earth; thus, fewer cosmic rays reach the earth surface causing the reduction of the cloud cover. This phenomenon results in the warmer temperatures. This relationship is represented in figure 2; it indicates the effect of the cosmic ray number and the low amount of clouds as recorded by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology satellite (Svensmark, 2009). Further analysis of the 22-year period (1983-2005), as shown at figure 2, indicates that there is a relationship between the average amount of low-level cloud and the flux of cosmic rays. These facts bring the conclusion that there is a very high correlation between the two variables. This finding was also approved when Svensmark employed proxy data to analyze the relationship for a longer period. For instance, the researcher noted that, when the sun was inactive during the Little Ice Age, there was high cosmic ray flux from the space. The high cosmic rays that penetrated into the earth’s atmosphere led to ionization of air; hence, the cloud cover was thicker. The thick cloud reflected the sun rays and global temperatures became cooler. On the other hand, the situation changed after 1750 when the sun’s activity increased. During the post-1750 period when the sun was more active, the cosmic ray flux reduced since there were stronger solar winds that swept away the cosmic rays. Consequently, the thickness of the cloud cover decreased, thus allowing more sun rays to reach the earth surface leading to an increase in the global temperatures (Svensmark, 2009). According to the findings, Svensmark concluded that the global warming experienced especially acute in the last 150 years is directly linked with the solar activity and cosmic rays, but not with the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the human activities. It is noted that a minimal change in the thickness of the cloud cover by only 3-4%, as a result of the cosmic ray flux, is sufficient to cause the global temperature changes by a few degrees due to the inability of the loose cloud layer to reflect back the sun rays. This explanation makes more sense than the initial theory that considered the variations in the sun’s direct radiation as a possible cause of global warming. This assumption was disproved after it was found out that that the radiation made the temperatures vary by a few tenths only that was insufficient to cause the global warming (Svensmark Friis-Christensen, 1997).            The further analysis of the data collected from the cloud cover satellites when compared with the amount of galactic cosmic rays recorded by a ground station pointed out that an increase in the cosmic rays reaching the earth’s surface make the world cloudier than when the amount of the cosmic rays are low. This finding demonstrated a unique link between the terrestrial and cosmological events, thus proving the earth’s weather and climatic patterns being the product of cosmic-ray accelerators, such as the supernova remnants present in the Milky Way. It was announced at the 1996 COSPA space science meeting, which was held in Birmingham, UK (Svensmark, 1997). This announcement revealed the influence that the sun has and proved that the clouds produce an undisputable cooling effect of the globe. Meanwhile, the amount of the cosmic-rays fluctuation depends on the strength of the solar magnetic field, which eventually reflects much of the particles from the space.            This link between the solar activity and climate gives the basis for Cosmological theory and stipulates that the climate change is naturally driven and is not related to the human activities, and the greenhouse gas emission (particularly CO2) as stipulated in the original theory. For the last ten years, this scientific assertion has incorporated different empirical and experimental evidence that the solar activity influences the climate. Today, however, it is not widely applied, and the efforts to rebut it remain unsuccessful up to date. Svensmark (1997) named this theory - the Cosmoclimatology. Nowadays, the theory is developing; it incorporates the current issues of astrophysics and solar-terrestrial physics, as well as some issues of astrobiology. In particular, it is interested in the aspects of how the outer space affects the living organisms and in the search for extraterrestrial life considering the high energy universe. Analysis of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Theory Strength of the Cosmoclimatology Theory            The strength of this theory is in its consistency with the other scientific branches of astronomy such as astrophysics and solar-terrestrial physics, which studies the variations in the sun's electromagnetic field and the solar magnetic field, which in turn affects the cosmic rays. The theory also corresponds with the other scientific branches such as the astrobiology that explains the relationship between the outer space and living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life considering the high energy universe.            The assertions of the Cosmoclimatology theory bases on the strength of the findings verifiability through the observable variations of the low cloud cover with respect to the changed in the cosmic-rays fluctuation. The empirical evidence provided by Marsh and Svensmark (2000) and Svensmark (2007) confirms that the cosmic rays influence the cloud cover of the Earth. Equally, experimental evidence regarding the microphysical mechanism also indicates that the cosmic rays hasten the production of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The Antarctic climate inconsistency is also an indicator of the clouds ability to influence climate and the quasi-periodic climate changes over longer time; this fact also proves the disparities in the production of radio-nuclide by the cosmic rays (Svensmark, 2009).            Calculations to understand the link between the geomagnetic field variations and cosmic rays also allow to widen the horizons of space and time to be considered in the period of when the earth was young. According to Elrick and Hinnov (2006), the climatic effects of the quasi-cyclical variations of the sun are seen throughout the Phanerozoic in the geological timescales. It means that the major changes in the climate are more evident in the longer time periods when the environment of the solar system varies and the changes in the cosmic-ray increases.            The result of the experiment performed by Svensmark (2007) on the Cloud Condensation Nuclei also offers an equivocal finding that the cosmic rays increase the number and size of CCN that creates the clouds droplets. This experiment was scientifically proved and revealed the intriguing correlation. To carry out this experiment, Svensmark constructed a cloud chamber containing sulfuric acid generated from the water vapor, ozone from the atmosphere above the ocean, and sulphur dioxide. He conducted a test to establish if CCN can be increased by the cosmic rays. The experiment found out that the cosmic rays could ionize the particles in the air, leading to the release of the electrons that eventually attach to the oxygen molecules and further join other water and sulfur dioxide particles to form the clusters. This process takes place exceptionally quickly and repeatedly for each electron. In this case, the electrons function as the catalysts t o instigate the formation of the molecules that increase in size to produce the sulfuric acid CCN. The researcher further reported that when the resultant air was increased through the natural meteorological processes, these accumulated CCN condensed and formed more dense clouds.            In addition to the experimental results by Svensmark (2007) named the SKY, further evidence of the results were delivered in 2010 in an experiment the CLOUD, which was conducted at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. â€Å"They confirmed that cloudiness is more clearly linked with solar -modulated galactic cosmic rays than with other solar phenomena such as sunspots or the emissions of visible light, ultraviolet and X-rays (Svensmark, 1998). According to Marsh and Svensmark (2000), a major breakthrough in this issue was made with the understanding that â€Å"the lowest clouds, below about 3 km in altitude respond most closely to variations in the cosmic rays.†The Weaknesses of the Cosmoclimatology Theory            The major weakness of the Cosmoclimatology theory originates purely from the refuters of the theory. For instance, it is noted that there is no clear physical association between the cosmic rays and the formation of clouds. The other weakness touches on the failure to explain the effect of CO2 on the water vapors and clouds. In a more recent study, also established with the help of the high-quality satellite data, it was revealed that more the cloud cover vary at the global and regional levels. This fact is considered to prove that the cosmic rays, as well as solar irradiance, have no statistically significant influence on the thickness of the cloud cover.            Another weakness highlighted by Lockwood and Frohlich (2007) refers to exaggeration of findings to favor the theory. Similarly, in 2013, Sloan and Wolfendale indicated that despite the fact that the temperature models recorded minimal correlation after every 22 years, less than 14% of global warming incidences since the 1950s could be associated with the cosmic rays. In this case, the study established that the cosmic ray rate did not correspond with the temperature changes; thus, it is not a causal relationship.            In the analysis of the impact of the space cosmic rays on the cloud cover, Professor Terry Sloan published a research that aimed at testing the suggested causal link between the cosmic rays and cloud cover. She found no considerable association between the cosmic ray intensity and the thickness of cloud cover in the past 20 years (Sloan Wolfendale, 2008). Such findings weaken the assertions by Svensmark that initially established a close correlation between the two variables. The parallel theories such as that of the millennial evidence that shows correlation between CO2 and temperature also undermine the Cosmoclimatology theory. In this case, the changes in the temperature are associated with the changes in the CO2 levels. Does the Cosmoclimatology Theory Portray the Modern World Accurately?            The Cosmoclimatology theory, in my view, effectively explains one of the causes of the global warming. The fact that there are links in the variations of cosmic rays amount as a result of the solar activities changes and concurrent changes in the climate show that there is a certain relationship between the cosmic rays and cloud formation. Consequently, they influence the global temperatures. In addition, the geological evidence of glaciations in terms of history shows that the earth’s climate is closely dependant on the composition of the solar system. The empirical and experimental evidences regarding the theory very; thus, they prove that the theory effectively explains the situations. For instance, in 2013, Enghoff, Pedersen, Uggerhoj, Paling, and Svensmark (2011) in another study confirmed that there was a certain correlation between the cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols and clouds, and that 50% of the world temperature variations are attributed to the solar activity. These findings consistent with the studies done more than a decade ago.            However, it is important to note that there could be the causes of global warming, other than the cosmic rays theory. The issue is still open for more research. Therefore, the other theories such as the greenhouse gas emission theory should also be considered in explaining the possibility of the existence of multiple factors contributing to the global warming. For instance, the emission of greenhouse gases has been blamed for the depletion of the ozone layer that used to reflect more sun rays back to the space. The human activities, particularly the ones associated with the CO2 emissions interfere with the atmospheric air balance leading to the climate changes. Conclusion            The paper has studied the theories that explain the global warming associated with the rise in the Earth’s temperatures, including the air, sea, and surface temperatures. The global warming causes catastrophic effects including extreme weather patterns like drought, storms, and development of a some dangerous diseases. In the search to understand the causes of the global warming, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that most effects of the global warming experienced today are caused by the increasing accumulation of the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the human activities such as industrial production and engine emissions. However, this paper concentrated on an alternative theory known as Cosmoclimatology as the possible explanation of the global warming. This theory asserts that the climatic fluctuations are caused by natural mechanism. It suggests that the accumulation of cosmic rays that is caus ed by the variations in the sun's electromagnetic field leads to the formation of the cloud cover that helps reflect the sun rays preventing them from reaching the earth’s atmosphere and surface, thus providing a cooling effect. Do you want to Write this Essay in the MLA Style? We can help!
Wednesday, July 1, 2020
Buds Big Blue Manufacturing Case - Free Essay Example
1. ) After performing any alternative procedures, the auditor should evaluate the combined evidence provided by the confirmations and the alternative procedures to determine whether sufficient evidence has been obtained about all the applicable financial statement assertions. In performing that evaluation, the auditor should consider (a) the reliability of the confirmations and alternative procedures; (b) the nature of any exceptions, including the implications, both quantitative and qualitative, of those exceptions; (c) the evidence provided by other procedures; and (d) whether additional evidence is needed. If the combined evidence provided by the confirmations, alternative procedures, and other procedures is not sufficient, the auditor should request additional confirmations or extend other tests, such as tests of details or analytical procedures. (AU 330) Paragraph . 09 of section 326, Audit Evidence, states that the auditor should consider the reliability of the information t o be used as audit evidence. Confirmations obtained electronically can be considered to be reliable audit evidence if the auditor is satisfied that (a) the electronic confirmation process is secure and properly controlled, (b) the information obtained is a direct communication in response to a request, and (c) the information is obtained from a third party who is the intended respondent. 2. ) During the performance of confirmation procedures, the auditor should maintain control over the confirmation requests and responses. Maintaining control means establishing direct communication between the intended recipient and the auditor to minimize the possibility that the results will be biased because the interception and alteration of the confirmation requests or responses. The possibility that results will be biased based on interception and alteration of the confirmation requests and responses, is a prospect of what can go wrong if the auditor does not maintain control over the co nfirmation process. 3. ) Confirmation #Date SentDate ReceivedDifference Noted By Customer? Is the noted difference a misstatement Has sufficient evidence been obtained that confirms the client’s recorded balance? If no, describe additional procedures you believe should be performed. 711/12/091/22/09YesNoYes 721/12/092/5/09NoNoYes 731/12/091/26/09NoNoYes 741/12/092/9/09N/AN/AFollow up why they didn’t follow procedure and mail directly back to auditing firm. 751/12/092/6/09NoNoYes 761/12/091/30/09NoNoNo. Investigate BBB stamp on paper. Date received day after that noted on stamp 771/12/091/19/09YesYesCheck cash receipts. 4. ) Confirmation is the process of obtaining and evaluating a direct communication from a third party in response to a request for information about a particular item affecting financial statement assertions. Negative confirmation is a written request by the external auditor sent to a party having a financial relationship with the client and askin g for a reply only in the case of disagreement. The negative form requests the recipient to respond only if he or she disagrees with the information stated on the request. Negative confirmation requests may be used to reduce audit risk to an acceptable level when (a) the combined assessed level of inherent and control risk is low, (b) a large number of small balances is involved, and (c) the auditor has no reason to believe that the recipients of the requests are unlikely to give them consideration. The auditor should consider performing other substantive procedures to supplement the use of negative confirmations. Negative confirmation requests may generate responses indicating misstatements, and are more likely to do so if the auditor sends a large number of negative confirmation requests and such misstatements are widespread. The auditor should investigate relevant information provided on negative confirmations that have been returned to the auditor to determine the effect s uch information may have on the audit. If the auditors investigation of responses to negative confirmation requests indicates a pattern of misstatements, the auditor should reconsider his or her combined assessed level of inherent and control risk and consider the effect on planned audit procedures. Although returned negative confirmations may provide evidence about the financial statement assertions, unreturned negative confirmation requests rarely provide significant evidence concerning financial statement assertions other than certain aspects of the existence assertion. Positive confirmation is a written or oral request by the auditor of a party having financial dealings with the client about the accuracy of an item. A response is required whether the particular item is correct or incorrect. A positive confirmation can be sent to customers to verify account balances. Some positive forms request the respondent to indicate whether he or she agrees with the information stated on the request. Other positive forms, referred to as blank forms, do not state the amount (or other information) on the confirmation request, but request the recipient to fill in the balance or furnish other information. Positive forms provide audit evidence only when responses are received from the recipients; non responses do not provide audit evidence about the financial statement assertions being addressed. Since there is a risk that recipients of a positive form of confirmation request with the information to be confirmed contained on it may sign and return the confirmation without verifying that the information is correct, blank forms may be used as one way to mitigate this risk. Thus, the use of blank confirmation requests may provide a greater degree of assurance about the information confirmed. However, blank forms might result in lower response rates because additional effort may be required of the recipients; consequently, the auditor may have to perform more altern ative procedures. 5. ) A real-life situation where an auditor apparently did not maintain sufficient control over the confirmation process, was an incident in 1994, where Sky Scientific, Inc. ramatically overstated assets and understated expenses in its financial statements. An SEC investigation into those financial statements led to charges being filed against both the company and its auditors. This case takes a detailed look into the independent audit of Sky’s financial statements for the purpose of understanding how the auditors failed to see the extent to which Sky’s financial reporting was misleading and to adequately challenge the assertions presented in the financial statements before Sky filed them with the SEC. This case provides an opportunity to examine numerous issues related to the audit engagement process, including audit planning, the evaluation of management representations, audit evidence and the confirmation process. The roles and responsibilities of the concurring auditor and an outside specialist are also discussed. SEC Charges In late July 1994 a senior geologist on the Commission’s staff visited some of Sky’s California and Nevada mining operations. At three of those properties she found no evidence of current or recent mining activity, no equipment, and no personnel. At another mine she found equipment and personnel but no tailings that might indicate that recent operations had existed. As a result of these observations and the recent filing of Sky’s audited financial statements, the SEC opened its investigation of Sky on August 26, 1994. In 1999 the SEC charged several members of Sky management with fraudulent accounting practices and for filing false and misleading financial statements with the Commission. They also charged American Capital Network and Robert Schlien with violations of several federal securities laws. Barry Scutillo and Mark Jensen were charged with engaging in improper profe ssional conduct in that they intentionally, knowingly and recklessly violated the applicable professional standards when auditing a public company. Specifically, Scutillo and Jensen were charged with recklessly failing to see that most of Sky’s assets were fictitious or massively overvalued and that millions of dollars in expenses had not been recorded on Sky’s books.
Tuesday, May 19, 2020
French Words Nouveau vs. Neuf
English speakers sometimes find it difficult to translate new into French, due to confusion over the French words nouveau and neuf. In fact, the French adjectives have distinctly different meanings; the problem is actually caused by the fact that the English new has more than one meaning. Fortunately, this is an easy problem to remedy. Read over this lesson, learn the difference between nouveau and neuf, and you wont have any more trouble saying new in French. Nouveau Nouveau means new in the sense of new to the owner - a change or improvement; that is, something that is new because its different than what came before, regardless of whether it is brand new from the store. The opposite of nouveau is ancien (former).As-tu vu ma nouvelle voiture ?Have you seen my new car?(The car is not necessarily new out of the factory; new here means new to the speaker.)Il a mis une nouvelle chemise.He put a new shirt on.(He took off the shirt he was wearing and put a different one on in its place. The new shirt may or may not be new from the store; the important thing here is that it is different.)Cest nouveau.Its new.(I just bought/found/made it.)Nous avons un nouvel appartement.We have a new apartment.(We just moved.)Jai vu le nouveau pont.I saw the new bridge.(The replacement for the one that got washed out.) Nouveau precedes the noun it modifies and changes to agree in gender and number with it.nouveau - nouvelle - nouveaux - nouvellesNouveau has a special form for masculine nouns that begin with a vowel: nouvel. Note that une nouvelle is a piece of news and les nouvelles refer to the news in general. Neuf Neuf means new in the sense of brand new, fresh out of the factory, first of its kind. The opposite of neuf is vieux (old).Je nai jamais achetà © une voiture neuve.Ive never bought a new car.(I always buy used cars.)Il a achetà © une chemise neuve.He bought a new shirt.(He went to the store and bought a brand-new shirt.)Comme neuf.As good as new.(Its fixed, so now its just like new.)Nous avons un appartement neuf.We have a new apartment.(We live in a brand-new building.)Jai vu le Pont neuf.I saw the Pont neuf (in Paris).(Although this is the oldest bridge in Paris, at the time it was built and named, it was a brand-new bridge in a brand-new spot.) Neuf follows the noun it modifies and changes to agree in gender and number with it:neuf - neuve - neufs - neuves Remember that neuf is also the number nine:Jai neuf cousins - I have nine cousins. Nouveau vs Neuf In summary, nouveau means something has changed, while neuf indicates that something is newly-made. With this new knowledge, you shouldnt have any more trouble deciding whether to use neuf or nouveau.
Stem Cell Aging - 1894 Words
Stem cell aging is still a controversial topic among scientists. One of the most popular explanations of stem cell aging is defined by the decrease in ability to proliferate or self-renew. Cell regulation mechanisms that have been related to aging are senescence and apoptosis. Leading evidence has identified the relationship between p16INK4a, a tumor suppressor protein, and aging in neural stem cells. Neural stem cells regenerate neurons and glial cells as required by the organisms, but an increase in p16INK4a declines the ability of the stem cells to function as they were able to do initially. Such relationship has been established, however, the mechanism for how this occurs is currently unknown. In an attempt to address this unidentified†¦show more content†¦These anti cancer mechanisms depend on p53 and p16ink4 activation, which appear to be responsible for aging similarly to how their failure is associated with cancer. Some other possible mechanisms include heritable mut ations and environmental changes in stem cell surroundings. These assumptions are so controversial because adequate models to test the function of these cells have yet to be constructed. Therefore, there I no direct way of determining that stem cell aging is the decrease in stem cell function through regeneration degradation. However, it is an idealistic assumption due to the resulting data of stem cells from other tissues that identify the association between proliferating decline in tissue and aging. A study involving rodents identified that a decline in the quantity of neurons being produced by neural stem cells would decrease with telomere dysfunction. Senescence is a form of growth arrest that is induced by stimuli like loss of telomere function, reactive oxygen species, some DNA damage, and tumor suppressor activation. As shown by the study when telomere function is not regulated they lose normal ability to regenerate which, thus far has been presumed as aging. Recent studies on neural stem cells have leading information on the mechanism of aging using p16INK4a overexpression and oppression in mice. The results indicated that an increase in p16INK4a contributes to a decrease in proliferation and functionShow MoreRelatedStem Cells Essay1530 Words  | 7 Pages Stem cells are used every day throughout the United States to help cure diseases and save lives. Stem cells can also be used to study labor defects so that future birth deficiencies can be prevented or reversed. Although as a college student starting a family may not be on your mind yet, it is always beneficial to educate yourself on current trends and new discoveries in stem cell research. Andres Travino and his wife were excited when their son Andy was born ten years ago. Andy prayed and hopedRead MoreResearchers at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute have recently shown that a protein called GDF11 has600 Words  | 3 PagesResearchers at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute have recently shown that a protein called GDF11 has the power to rejuvenate not only the muscles, but also skeletal and brain activity of mice. The researchers in question, Amy Wagers and Lee Rubin, are both heavily involved in the investigation of stem cells, and have been established among such standards for good reason. About 15 years ago, Wager conducted an experiment observing the circulation of blood from a young mouse through an older mouse, withRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words  | 5 Pageshuman cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stem cell induction. In reproductive cloning the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of an adult individual. The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclearRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words  | 6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreStem Cell Research: The Debate Over Federal Funding Essay899 Words  | 4 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research: Pro-Federal Funding The Alliance for Aging Research is a non-profit organization that promotes the use of federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. As an agency geared toward improving the health of human beings as they age, some of their responsibilities include lobbying for federal legislation, conducting studies and surveys, and creating and distributing educational materials to health care professionals and the public. With Baby Boomers closely reachingRead MoreTreatment For Age Related Diseases1496 Words  | 6 PagesTherefore, identifying the elements and processes involved in muscle stem cell function is necessary in order to improve our methods of treatment for age-related diseases. The biological processes that are involved in the development of sarcopenia are identified as multifactorial (Egerman et al., 2015). The major elements that play a role in the progression of aging is the decline in satellite cell number, weakened satellite cell function, and the decrease in regenerative potential (Sinha et alRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1100 Words  | 5 Pageshuman cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stem cell induction. In reproductive cloning, the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of an adult individual. The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclearRead MoreThe Cell Theory Of Aging1813 Words  | 8 PagesEvery day we naturally lose skin and blood cells throughout our body; however, these cells are replaced through the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells found in pools throughout our bodies. Stem cells are found in most adult mammalian tissues, where they maintain normal tissue homeostasis and participate in tissue repair and regeneration in response to damage (Lui Rando 2011). The physiological process of aging may be the result of stem cell loss and a decline in the homeostatic andRead MoreA Research Study On Regenerative Medicine1220 Words  | 5 PagesAging, injuries and diseases like dystrophies are all ensue respectively from dying, damaged or malfunctioning specialised cells. Nowadays, researchers aim at finding possible methods to treat patients by understanding better how diseases develop. Regenerative medicine is an emerging field that had known incredible advances over the last 20 years. It’s a broad interdisciplinary field aiming at repairing, regenerating or replacing damaged, malfunctioning or missing cells and tissues leading to restoreRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1385 Words  | 6 PagesThe disease stem cells could fix is called Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The reason I chose this topic is because I have seen first hand how badly someone who suffers from Alzheimer’s Disease is affected in their daily lives. This disease completely takes over their lives and they turn into a completely different person who can hardly function. AD is very tough on the loved ones of the person suffering from it because that person, most of the time has no idea what is going on or who their loved ones
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Essay About A Short Story - 840 Words
Emitting vines from her arms, Sabra attempted to finish the fight quickly. Vittorio continued to show little concern watching the vines entangled around his arms. Sabra tugged on her vines, pulling Vittorio off the rock as he flew towards them. Gerard’s aura started to glow golden around his body, summoning his guardian angel. The aura gained a physical appearance resembling a monk. It sported gauntlets on both arms and a bead necklace, similar to what Gerard wore. Vittorio’s calm demeanor changed a bit, seeing the faceless monk standing next to Gerard. Vittorio placed his hand on the vines, using his manifestation to make them explode. Overdoing the explosion, everyone including Vittorio flew back a bit. Landing on his feet, not taking†¦show more content†¦Vittorio coughed up spit, being released from the vines, crashing into a tree. He took a few seconds to recover from the hit, looking around at his surroundings. Taking notice to a small rock on the ground, Vittorio picked up the rock, using his aura to create some red markings. â€Å"I won’t lose here.†Vittorio thought. â€Å"Kanohal, I’ll show these people the power you gave me!†Vittorio had confidence he would win here. Being loose from the vines, gave him a chance to strike. Looking in their direction, Vittorio smiled, throwing the rock at Sabra, who kept a bit of distance from Paisley and Gerard. Sabra didn’t hesitate to move to the side, wanting to laugh at Vittorio’s attempt. â€Å"Did you really think that wou-†Before she could finish her sentence,the rock exploded with enough force to send Sabra flying. Gerard and Paisley’s eyes widened at how fast this happened, not seeing the markings on the rock. They watched a fallen Sabra crash down to the ground, not moving a muscle. Seeing blood dripping from her head, she laid there silently. Paying little attention to Sabra now, Vittorio turned his focus to Gerard. Paisley knew they needed to finish this fight without wasting more time. Paisley clenched her fist, knowing she needed to get Sabra out of here. â€Å"Ms. Paisley, help Ms. Sabra. Your Neutralizer is only strong in pulse form, but in pulse form everyone here would be neutralized. We could fight him in close range combat, but I’m sure he’d run without the use ofShow MoreRelatedEssay About A Short Story1507 Words  | 7 Pagesmeaning they probably dont have anything about it. His fingers skirted through each paper, never missing a page, and knowing when they had. His ears remained alert, listening for sounds outside his own breathing and movement. Where his fingers and nose couldnt see, he used the flashlight and his eyes. And his taste? Well, it told him never to try to eat a flashlight in the future. He searched through all the cabinets, taking only the information about Arkady Volkov and making sure he left nothingRead MoreEssay about Short Story681 Words  | 3 Pages Short Story The sudden, severe storm caught me totally unaware. I was walking down Peppers Road when the dark clouds started to build. I looked around as I huddled under a large, dead oak tree which offered me little or no protection from the razor-sharp rain. Almost all of the houses on this abandoned street were too badly damaged for me to take shelter in, except for one. The house loomed impressive and morbid in the greenish-black sky. A flash of lightning brieflyRead MoreEssay About A Short Story855 Words  | 4 Pagessituation while Gladio and Noctis joined in on messing with him. It seems their toxin transformed you into your past self. Ignis murmured thoughtfully. Yeah, I can see that, how do I change back? Prompto asked, standing up and brushing off his shorts. You pinched at his legs, and he swatted your hand away. It wont be permanent, sometime tonight you should return to normal. Tonight?! But its five in the morning. He whined, you nearly fell over and fainted. Come on Prompto, you dontRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1468 Words  | 6 Pagesglanced back over her shoulder and let out a painful whine at the sight behind them. Alayna turned her sister’s head back towards the direction they were headed and saw pools of tears welling up in girl’s eyes, â€Å"Don’t look back again. Don’t think about it.†â€Å"B-but†Janna choked and tried to warn her sister but Alayna silenced her with a firm shake of her head. The pair continued along the brook until they reached their handmaids, who were already waiting for the young ladies to return. Alayna helpedRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1487 Words  | 6 Pages Alan spun around toward the noise. He aimed his gun carefully at the ledge, and calmed himself the best he could. Slow, deep breath after breath he took until he at a normal pace inside. He was now ready for anything. The growl had gone silent, and so had the forest. Whatever was out there was waiting for the right opportunity to come along. Nick and Danny aimed their guns to the South and West. Alan figured he was the closest to the thing with the barrels of his rifle. They all silenced themselvesRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1185 Words  | 5 Pagesdirected his attention towards anyone who would answer. â€Å"I would assume they would have terminated this ID’s access by now.†â€Å"No doubt, they did,†Leland responded. â€Å"But, if Lorenzo Hubbard here was too embarrassed about having his ass kicked by a slug and didn’t want anyone finding out about it†¦ Or, even doesn’t realize yet that Phillip took his ID access card from him†¦ then just maybe, he might have held off on contacting central command.†â€Å"Where we at, Sean?†asked Boyd. â€Å"Working on it.†â€Å"OkayRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1291 Words  | 6 Pagesstood at least 2 meters tall, it had an edge made rend flesh and splinter bone on either side, and upon its hilt was an ouroboros with runes etched upon its scales. No other man would have that blade for it was his, the auctioneer began droning on about the swords alien and seemingly nefarious nature, none of his words being heard by Thomas, none of his wife’s protests got through to him, for he was simply lying in wait for the start of the auction. The auctioneer began, †Wholl give me 500 for theRead MoreEssay About A Short Story873 Words  | 4 Pagesdrenched in red, a purple snake? ... and... Zeke!?!? I was about to call out to him but Alice stopped me and pointed towards the figures and the snake. You will pay!!!!!!!!! The girl screamed as she pulled something from out of nowhere and threw it at Zeke and he fell to the ground with a thud. Zeke!! We all shouted sliding down the hill. The two figures looked at us, then disappeared. The snake slithered over to Zeke and we froze about 14 feet away from them. What do we do? Jennet asked meRead MoreEssay About A Short Story1181 Words  | 5 Pagesâ€Å"I think I’m gonna check,†Jacob gently placed his cards back onto the table. Emma lifted the corner of her hand. â€Å"I raise thirteen.†The last card was placed onto the table. Last chance to bet. â€Å"Twenty-six,†Jacob gazed through his eyelashes, raising the bet once again. Groaning, Emma threw her cards onto the pile of chips in the middle of the table. â€Å"Fold!†â€Å"And you would be right to!†Jacob laughed as he slapped a pair of aces down in front of him and collecting his chips. â€Å"Oh my God! You alwaysRead MoreEssay About A Short Story730 Words  | 3 Pagesmoon comes we can recruit him then he will be with us. He is technically still theirs.†Harry sighed. â€Å"Is he feeling better at least?†Liam asked. Harry looked at the boy again and shrugged. He honestly didn’t know. He didn’t bother to tell Liam about the panic attack Louis had had in the bathroom, that would only worry the alpha more. Harry watched as Liam rose from his seat and walked towards the sleepy boy. Liam hovered over the boy looking down at him. He moved the quilt down and lifted the
Autonomy and Responsibility The Decision to Drop the...
Autonomy and Responsibility The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan Along with being a world superpower comes a long list of resposiblilities. One such responsibility is the decision of how to deal with other nations when they get out of line. People will always point fingers at who they think is at fault when a nation has to go to war with another. One such example of this is when the United States was brought into the Second World War because of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. By becoming involved in World War Two, the U.S. had to fight Japan, which led to the most important decision of the century. This decision was whether or not to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This decision was mainly placed on the†¦show more content†¦Due to the tremendous projected amount of lives that would be lost in Hiroshima, both enemy soldiers and civilians, Truman wanted to try every other plan for the surrender of Japan before he decided to drop the atomic bomb (3,55). Truman also wanted to give Japan a more than fair chance to surrender befor e the use of the newly discovered atomic weaponry (3,55). Had the U.S. had someone like Hitler as president at the time, we may have dropped the atomic bomb right away. Truman was not a violent person by nature though. He had never fought in any wars, nor did he like to see human suffering or the loss of life (2,43). America was not alone in the development of nuclear weapons. Germany had also been developing nuclear weapons throughout the course of the war (3,58). Germanys plan was to use atomic weaponry in the famous V-1 and V-2 rockets (3,58). With these rockets they thought they could conquer the world, but the plan failed. What Germany did succeed at, though, was the creation of an arms race between themselves and the U.S (3,59). Even though Germany was busy at work with the development of atomic weapons, they could not put all of the time or money into it (3,58). This was because they were busy with their plan to dominate the world. After all of the strategic planning, after all of the other options wereShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words  | 656 Pagesas in his recent research and scholarship as a 6 †¢ INTRODUCTION whole, treats the two wars and their prehistory and aftermaths as genuinely global phenomena, not as conflicts among the great powers of Europe, the United States, and Japan, which has been the obsessive focus of most of the vast literature on this subject that defined much of twentieth-century history. As Carl Guarneri argues cogently in his contribution to the collection, which provides the fullest bibliographic referencesRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words  | 99 PagesMedia a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. RightRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words  | 1573 PagesPreface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 ConflictRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words  | 102 Pagesmusician, Hughes could not be satisfied with The Weary Blues, and he continued working on it for two more years before submitting it for publication. Later, it became one of his most admired poems. Jessie Fauset did not approve of Langstons decision to leave Columbia, but she helped him place his writing in magazines and in a college poetry anthology. Countee Cullen introduced him to Alain Locke, a professor at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Locke invited Langston to become his protà ©gà ©Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words  | 860 PagesInstead, he mandated that all project work come through him. He eventually built up a large brick wall around his employees. He claimed that this would protect them from the continuous conflicts between engineering and marketing. THE EXECUTIVE DECISION The executive council mandated that another attempt to implement good project management practices must occur quickly. Project management would be needed not only for new product development but also for specialty products and enhancements. The
Ethical dilemma Essay Example For Students
Ethical dilemma Essay Ethical dilemma Essay A couple of years ago I was faced with a dilemma about a piece of jewelry. For my High School Graduation I received a Tiffanys bracelet which was originally my grandmothers. My grandmother gave this bracelet to my mother for her High School Graduation as well. This antique piece of jewelry had a very special place in both my mother and mines heart, since my grandmother died about ten years ago. It was a plain silver bracelet with my grandmothers initials engraved on the back band. This bracelet is not that expensive, but at the same time, irreplaceable. One day the summer after receiving this covenant bracelet, I was at the Jersey Shore with friends. Of course I being the irresponsible one lost it in the ocean. I knew I could not tell my mother. I bought another one at the Tiffanys store and had the initials engraved. It looked exactly like the one I first received. My friends thought I was crazy to even try something like this, but in that moment, buying a replacement seemed like the right idea. I did not tell my mother or grandmother. In fact, to this day they still do not know the truth behind the silver bracelet. I know what I did was wrong. It was not a moral action under the principles of Moral Relativism. According to my culture, not telling my relatives and deceiving them was wrong. My culture says that the truth is always the right choice. Also, culturally speaking, that bracelet would be worth more than money, and the thought of fooling my parents would be beyond unacceptable. The right choice in this situation would be to tell my mother and grandmother the truth and face the disappointment in their faces. Telling the truth under Cultural Relativism would have been the correct decision because individuals label what is right and wrong. My parents have brought me up teaching me that lying is wrong. So, for my individual morals, what I did was absolutely wrong. There was not even a gray area. My morals are the way they are. Lying, cheating and deceiving are all wrong and not moral for my immediate society as a family. Telling the truth would be the moral and correct decision for this particular situation under the view of Cultural Relativism. Under the view of Utilitarianism the action that I did was moral. The action of lying to my mother and grandmother was the correct choice. The reason why was it made the most amount of people happy. My mother and grandmother stayed happy knowing that I had this family air loom and would be able to pass it down to another generation. I on the other hand, was miserable at first about what I had done. It was eating at me inside to lie to my family, but I was the minority in this situation. Since the minority does not really have a say, I made the right decision as to lie. Another policy under the Utilitarianism would be view thinking about the future. In the future, I have forgotten about the bracelet and no longer have a guilt feeling in my stomach every time my mother or grandmother, mention the bracelet. Now, happiness occurs to all too all my mother, grandmother, and me. No one has to deal with pain or a lack of happiness. At the present and throughout the whole time, the action I took endured the least amount of pain, for the people involved. The two of these views of what is moral or not, Utilitarianism and Cultural Relativism have two different outcomes. Both define morals in a different way. Utilitarianism choice is the one that produces the most amount of happiness or the least amount of pain. Which makes sense that I would lie about the bracelet so at the end, everyone would endure no pain or unpleasantly experiences. No pain was reached on pure fact that I lied about the bracelet that I replaced. On the other hand, Cultural Relativism says that I made the wrong decision. I did not do what my morals in my society told me to do. What I did was wrong under this .
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)