Workplace Feminism Free Essays

Logan Rogers ENG 102 Childless Women; Victims At Their Jobs? In today’s economy there are numerous ladies starting to enter the workforce; moms and childless ladies both. Be that as it may, are childless ladies defrauded in the working environment? Generally working moms need to work half days or leave the working environment out of nowhere to go care for their youngsters. Childless ladies will in general feel that working moms are offered need to mentioned downtime. We will compose a custom article test on Working environment Feminism or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The aftereffect of these perspectives are childless ladies feeling that they need to take on more hours, denied individual and excursion time, disliked by working moms, and not offered unique advantages that working moms get. At the point when one focuses on an all day employment, the person just designs to be working a normal of forty hours out of every week. In any case, that isn't generally the situation with childless ladies in the work environment. Studies show that childless ladies are working a larger number of hours on normal than working moms. They feel that additional work is regularly put on their shoulders, a result of working moms leaving the working environment because of time clashes with their kids. A circumstance where this is an issue is when dealing with a gathering venture. Each individual from the group is given their own duties and if a working mother needs to leave due to her youngster, the remainder of the group is troubled with her errands. Kristen Bossert, a visual fashioner who is tired of feeling like a below average worker, states, â€Å"I’m the person who consistently stalls out at work,† she says, â€Å"If you have no children, you have no reasons. † (Backaitis) Many childless ladies feel that working environments are less exacting on working moms since they need to adjust among work and family. In an article by Wendy Williams, she presents measurements that show females without kids work a normal of more hours out of every week: â€Å"As can be seen, for every youngster a female educator has, she works somewhat less at her scholastic employment every week. A female educator with 3 youngsters works†¦2. 5 hours not as much as her childless female colleagues† (Williams) Therefore childless ladies feel that working moms get uncommon treatment in the work environment in light of the fact that childless ladies need to take on additional work and more hours when moms must leave to deal with their kids. On taking on additional hours, working childless ladies regularly feel that they are denied of individual and get-away an ideal opportunity to which they are entitled. When gotten some information about the subject, Lori Hanes, a working mother of two kids, said â€Å" In my working environment, childless ladies persistently gripe that working moms get need to relax time because of needing to invest energy with their kids. † The accompanying circumstance shows that working ladies get priority over childless ladies: When she inquired as to whether she could leave ahead of schedule to go to a doctor’s arrangement, Diana Antholis expected to get an unequivocal yes. All things considered, her colleagues were continually coming in late or taking off in front of calendar in light of the fact that their children expected to get immunized, didn’t feel well at day care, were in a presentation at school, etc. So when the supervisor gave her trouble and proposed that her clinical arrangements be booked for her â€Å"own time,† the media-organization partner nearly lost it. First she thought of asking when her â€Å"own time† was, given that she ordinarily put in over 12 hours per day. What's more, second, she needed to know why the moms she worked with were getting downtime for the inquiring. (Backaitis) It may not be reasonable however that doesn't mean it isn't far reaching. As the work environment has become all the more family-accommodating throughout the years, there has been a unintended outcome: protests from childless ladies that they are second need to the individuals who have decided to have a family. Some childless speci alists gripe that their lives outside of work appear to be insignificant to both their associates and their managers. Childless workers’ fruition of a marathon, support in a network ensemble, or volunteerism don't justify a similar casual festival as meager Johnny’s first Little League hit. The Center for Talent Innovation played out an examination that shows that 46 percent of childless ladies state that their outside duties are seen as less significant at work than that of working mothers’. Sylvia Ann Hewlett, leader of the Center for Talent Innovations, expresses this: â€Å"Not just are [working ladies without children] denied simple access to adaptability, yet they’re caused to feel like their lives aren’t huge and they get next to no acknowledgment of their non-work exercises. (Hewlett) Childless ladies feel that working moms frequently get need to mentioned downtime over them and that their accomplishments outside of work are not significant. Incomparable Court Justice, Sonia Sotomayor, Homeland Security Secretary, Janet Napolitano, and previous Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, are for the most part exceptionally regarded, effective ladies. They are for the most part likewise childless ladies. More noteworthy achievement might be one pu rpose behind the hatred that childless ladies feel working moms have towards them. Studies show that childless ladies are more effective expertly than working moms. Childless ladies additionally report feeling continually decided by working moms since they don't have youngsters. Discoveries show that 25% of expert ladies without youngsters feel that working moms allude to them as solidified profession ladies for not being moms. Childless ladies likewise feel envy from working moms because of the critical measure of less pressure that they need to manage on the grounds that they are not adjusting an all day work and a family. Another purpose behind this hatred is the divergence in compensation between working moms and childless laborers. Kelly Hagen expressed in her article, that â€Å"Mothers are 44 percent less inclined to be employed than ladies without kids, and they are paid $11,000 less, as indicated by a recent report from Cornell University. † (Hagen) Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner, Executive Director of MomsRising. organization in a meeting with â€Å"Good Morning America. † expressed that, â€Å"Women without kids make ninety pennies to a man’s dollar, while ladies with kids make just seventy three pennies to a man’s dollar†. Less pressure, more noteworthy achievement, and more compensation are altogether reasons that are causing disdain of childless ladies by working moms. Numerous organizations offer a variety of advantages for their full time workers. Be that as it may, a large number of these advantages favor soley working moms as opposed to all ladies in the work environment. For instance, organizations give working moms benefits that go past their basic needs. These incorporate maternity leave and stage back projects, programs that permit working moms to work low maintenance for all day pay after labor. Numerous organizations likewise offer working moms what are called family days. These took care of days are assigned for use if a youngster is wiped out or has an arrangement. Subsequently, childless ladies have less availabe taken care of time than working moms. New moms must lactate at least three times each day. A few organizations are currently giving these new moms assigned occasions for the duration of the day to deal with this issue and uncommon rooms are being set up thus as it were. This exceptional consideration is bringing about three additional breaks during the day for new mothers, not childless ladies. Childless ladies are never conceded such liberal advantages like these, making the advantages among them and working moms inconsistent. Working ladies who have decided not to have youngsters frequently feel exploited in the working environment. Insights show that they work essentially a bigger number of hours on normal than working moms and that working moms dislike their more prominent measure of achievement. Childless ladies likewise feel that working moms have need to took care of time and friends benefits. The result of the entirety of this is developing pressure between childless ladies and moms in the working environment. Work Cited: Hagen, Kelly. â€Å"Childless Women Succeed More. † ABC news. N. p. , 22 Aug 2012. Web. 8 May 2012. lt;http://abcnews. go. com/GMA/JobClub/study-shows-childless-ladies succeed-moms worplace/story? id=11448102 2012. Web. 8 May 2012. lt;http://www. ypost. com/p/news/business/employments/mommy_and_me_FXFHi8ikTY2FHG8xEimnSJ Hanes, Lori. Individual Interview. 5/3/2012. Williams, Wendy. â€Å"Teacher-Facilitator materials for Cornell Institute for Women in Science video arrangement, Defining the Problem. † www. human. cornell. edu. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 May 2012. lt;http://www. hum an. cornell. edu/hd/transfer/CIWS-video-Defining-the-Problem. pdfgt;. Lepore, Meredith. â€Å"The Woman With Kids In Your Office Does Resent You. † The Grindstone. N. p. , 18 Jan 2011. Web. 8 May 2012. lt;http://thegrindstone. com/guide/the-lady with-kids-in-your-office-does-detest you-190/gt;. The most effective method to refer to Workplace Feminism, Papers

Children’s Hospital and Clinics Essays

Children’s Hospital and Clinics Essays Children’s Hospital and Clinics Essay Children’s Hospital and Clinics Essay Because of a patient close to lethal mishap, the children’s emergency clinic and facilities were searching for any push to give a wellbeing persistent culture. Julie Morath was recruited in 1999 to improve medical clinic tasks; she needed to make Safety the top need of the emergency clinic. Julie Morath coordinated and started setting up the Patient Safety Initiative at Children’s Hospital and Clinics by causing representatives to get the mentality of security and building a culture. The key strides to her patient wellbeing activity were the chaste patient security announcing framework, making center gatherings, and setting up a panel of patient security practice. During each procedure of the patient wellbeing activity at Children’s Hospital and Clinics there were numerous positive and negative impacts of each progression. The key components of Patient Safety Initiative were trailed by three stages, the initial step was introductions that she directed to the emergency clinic staff about the national research and clinical blunders. The subsequent advance was center gatherings that engaged around the patient wellbeing issues at Children’s Hospitals and Clinics. The third step was to make the activity progressively key by creating it. Morath needed to make a culture where she had the idea of â€Å"do not harm† was unmistakably grown as opposed to explicitly expressed. She needed to concentrate her way of life dependent on coordinated effort among others and tasks around the science and feeling of wellbeing. At the point when she came into Children’s and center, her primary goal was making security the top need. As indicated by show 10, you can see that the wellbeing reports have been consistent improving since she got employed. One of the key components of Patient Safety Initiative was to change the authoritative culture so as to give a domain that would have the option to talk about clinical mishaps in an appropriate way. She needed to grasp a culture that welcoms correspondence about wellbeing issues. She authorizes gaining from past errors rather then pointing fingers at whatever point there was a mix-up. There was the patient wellbeing discoursed which made a meetings which the entirety of the representatives meet up to talk and examine the examination of clinical security. Exemplary detailing was likewise part of building the way of life and this was a framework intended to report clinical mishaps without the dread of being rebuffed. As indicated by display 7, the chaste report help make the line laborers to discover how to dispose of breakdowns. One of the shortcomings of the structure culture was everybody was disturbed about this methodology. Numerous representatives accepted itwould be a greater amount of the worker absence of capacity rather than the bombed framework. Many were concerned that it was difficult to really discover who poor people laborers were a result of the irreproachable reports. The subsequent component was to build up the foundation that was required to coordinate security enhancements. This was an announcing framework that inspects genuine mishaps and it was liable for affirming the entirety of the significant arrangement changes. Quiet security directing board was shaped and they would set the objectives for the wellbeing activity. Display 9 underneath shows the entirety of the individuals that were in the council. When building up the framework, this permitted center occasion examines which they would have the option to lead examinations after any genuine clinical mishaps. The engaged occasion considers helped recognized the groupings of occasions precisely as could be expected under the circumstances, and this helps tell the entirety of the framework disappointments. The shortcoming during the time spent building up the foundation was that numerous representatives had the worry that they didn’t have sufficient opportunity, staff, or assets to catch up on the issues. There was another issue about the prescribed changes that was constrained and to meet the viability of the change. The last worry about building up the foundation was if this methodology really changed the medical clinics legitimate hazard profile. The third component was to dispatch a venture to analyze the prescription organization framework at the emergency clinic. This methodology was to accomplish the objective of having zero imperfections in the organization framework. The motivation behind the medicine organization framework was to improve the security of the patient by directing the framework and procedures. Wellbeing activity groups were shaped and it was eight representatives that met up to examine the issues and they way it could be improved. The quality of this was it could give an incredible vehicle to laborers to get out the pointless unpredictability and expel obstructions. The obstructions that Morath looked as she attempted to urge individuals to examine clinical blunders all the more transparently is one thing she did was she introduced information from the Harvard Medical practice concentrate on the recurrence and the reasons for clinical mistakes. The staff at that point struck a chord that the occasions that happen at children’s occur alongside different partners. She persuaded everybody that blunders were an issue and that it happens to all mind associations. She at that point attempted to convince Children’s medical clinic staff about speaking transparently about mistakes since open conversation will in the end improve tolerant consideration. She at that point led center gatherings, sheinvolved staff from different zones and she got individuals more concentration about thinking of approaches to improve the patient wellbeing. In general, she led 18 gatherings that included a considerable lot of the staff through the clinic and this made more mindfulness and many didn't hesitate to discuss their encounters with clinical mistakes. As indicated by display 10, there issue was likewise the guardians who were concerned so a parent bunch was framed to keep them refreshed on the data. At the point when she directed the vital arrangement, she sums up the segments of the vital arrangement by calling it SAFE. The abbreviation represent security, get to, money related, and experience, every one of the classifications had an unmistakable objective and what to do to achieve them. My evaluation of Morath’s initiative of the association change process at Children’s medical clinic and Clinics was that she was truly impassionate about security. It expressed in the article that her initiative would have been difficult to supplant and all the exertion she put into the emergency clinic can go to a prevailing fashion. The focal test that she confronted was that to change individuals outlooks towards mishap in the clinical field. She needed to transform it from a punishment situation to a learning experience condition. Another test she confronted was getting representatives to possess to an error without the dread of getting in a tough situation. The key exercises that she started was the gaining from past errors condition as opposed to accusing. In stage 1 of the evolving procedure, her framework was exceptionally reassuring and more representatives were additionally ready to share their slip-ups. In stage 2 and 3, the framework accepted that errors happened due to downsides in the procedures rather then the capacity of the staff. Judith Morath had the correct outlook when it came to making security the top need at Children’s Hospital and Clinics. There were numerous issues to such an extent that managed exposure and legitimate hazard, responsibility, estimating results, and administration. At the point when it came to revelation and lawful hazard, she stressed over the advantages of improving divulgence to patients and families surpassed the danger of extra claims. There was a conviction that the regard with the guardians contribution in the security improvement exertion. She additionally had the test of responsibility, a large number of the unit directors and heads were worry over the chaste detailing and that staff ought to be liable for the mishap. They accepted that there ought to be results and responsibility for the horrible showing. Additionally the estimating results didn’t coordinate well. As per show 10, she wasn’t capable tojustify the monetary outcomes and the advantages exceeded the expenses.

HRM Models Free Essays

This report is about human asset the executives. Betcherman et al. (1994) characterized human asset into three angles: hierarchical and work structure, authoritative culture, and staff arrangements and methods as to guarantee that the laborers full forthcoming or potential can be accomplished. We will compose a custom exposition test on HRM Models or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now As indicated by Story (2001:5) Human Resource the executives is characterized as ‘a particular way to deal with business the executives which tries to accomplish upper hand through the vital organization of a profoundly dedicated and skilled workforce, utilizing a coordinated cluster of social, auxiliary and faculty procedures. Marchington and Wilkinson, (2002) recognized through research that individuals truly have the effect in human asset the executives. Reality behind this is it’s bolstered on ‘high-commitment’ model which guarantees that putting resources into individuals/human asset makes great business. This establish a framework for the human asset experts to make point that individuals truly are their most significant assets to the association which currently prompts turn out to be the means by which principals can be then transformed into training. This report will show how human asset functions in sports industry and there will be basic look at on hard and delicate model followed in the Bolton Wanderers contextual investigation and which model is progressively common and fruitful in everyday tasks and the board exercises. Human asset the board is the most significant office in any association to improve their insight and increment a decent procedure towards workers. Mainbody According to Story (1992) there are two perfect and fundamental models of Human asset the executives one is ‘hard’ otherwise called Michigan model and other one is ‘soft’, I. . , Harvard model. The hard model of human asset the board features the term ‘resource’ which embraces a coherent methodology in the administration of workers wherein individuals are taken as monetary factor where cost must be controlled. While, the delicate model highlight ‘human’ and consequently preparing and improvement is given more accentuation in this model on a more intensive hope to guarantee the worker advancement and that the representatives are embracing the methodologies and strategies with the goal that a significant level of staff can be accomplished who can convey their aptitudes and give a superior turnover in the serious condition. Bratton and Gold, 1999) Michigan Model Legge (1995) states that in hard model there is a pattern to consider representatives to be to be directed and aced following quantitative, scholarly and calculative way to deal with get guaranteed that the work power is quickly situated to get the most extreme bit of leeway. It is worried about the no of representatives and whether everyone is meeting the objectives of the association. (Fombrun et al. , 1984). While arranging the approaches one piece of hard model; organization need to recognize what is the turnover rate and depends more on measurements as opposed to social study of individual (representatives) and is increasingly suitable in sports division where weight of work is significantly more. Moreover Michigan model is the human asset cycle, which begins from advancement, push ahead to choice, execution, and evaluation and than back to improvement or to Reward. Identified with Bolton Wanderers football club contextual investigation The advancement of the football club is the significant part, yet at Bolton Wanderers, it was anything but a decent circumstance, on the grounds that those were posted monetarily and have a high obligation trouble. The explanation was a recently shaped football arena, when in 1999 Sam Allardyce was delegated as chief with the premises to advance the club from First Division to Premier League and to build up there with given chance. In addition Bolton Wanderers guarantee that each part was feeling to be a piece of Bolton ‘family’. Moreover the overwhelming obligation trouble affected on choice exceptionally, on the grounds that they couldn't pull in the best players with tremendous compensation. Consequently they chose to extend their exploring system and scholarly offices to manage the cost of their own childhood to be chosen for the primary group and arranged to play in an elevated level. With the goal that numerous players, who was playing in first group originated from their own group. So the club was attempting to pick up the responsibility and objectives of the players. The motivation behind dealing with the arrangement of remunerations inside the association is to draw in and hold the HR the association needs to accomplish its destinations. To hold the administrations of players and keep up an elevated level of execution it is important to build their inspiration, responsibility and adaptability by an assortment of means, including suitable administration style, serious pay bundle and steady culture (Armstrong and Murlis, 1994). Along these lines clubs adjust their player and authoritative targets while the prize administration is featured. Prizes not just include just wages or compensations, reward, commission, benefit sharing yet additionally non-monetary prizes like for e. g. open doors for profession improvement. McKenna and Beech, 2002) Bolton Wanderers offered pay and a prize bundle to players and training staff, which was one of the some most reduced expenses inside the Premier League. What's more the high interest in sport science was made that the player ought to be fit and can play and furthermore the presentation ought to be acceptable. This procedure was drawing in some exceptional players in light of the fa ct that through the activity of these method was for them conceivable to grow their playing professions. Also players could publicize themselves for best club because of good execution. As per Cowling and mailer (1998) examinations are basic to get a short thought regarding the course of data which continually explains the reason and points in quest for commonly concurred focus among supervisors and subordinates. There are logical inconsistency like individuals who bolster constraining its utilization, contends that connecting it to pay can unsettle endeavors to give authentic analysis and a feeling free audit of qualities and shortcoming while the other people who do believe that the compensation ought to be connected to evaluations banter that it helps in inspiration and the representative inclusion. In the games setting, representatives in those cases get evaluation from the news-channel, radio, paper and open. The fulfillment of the general population is significant so they attempt to get a decent evaluation, which in some cases are impractical. A 360-degree execution based input should be possible to acquire an aggregate survey of the individual’s execution. A 360 degree, otherwise called multi-ratter input, is an evaluation strategy where evaluations from various individuals like friends, chief, clients, colleagues, staff and self is taken and afterward from that criticism examinations are accomplished for the person. Stone, 1998) Harvard Model In delicate model elective methodologies through which issues can be fathomed are followed. (Brew et al. , 1984). The association endeavors to adjust the necessities of the representatives with the hierarchical prerequisites. The sentiments of the representatives are remembered as opposed to simply suspecting them as a method of gaining benefit. The representatives assent is seen quite. Staff commitment towards work is expanded when they are engaged with dynamic and employment configuration process. Besides Harvard model is the human asset framework, where representatives impact on human asset stream, prize and work framework. Identified with Bolton Wanderers Football Club contextual analysis As we can discover in the Bolton Wanderers contextual investigation preparing and improvement has been engaged; to comprehend and find out about the association, their arrangements and execute them in the correct manner. Preparing goes under the delicate model of human asset the board. Preparing essentially implies learning the aptitudes that are required in the association which is commonly organized by the arrangement creators so that it will build up the person for the necessary work. There are two sorts of getting the hang of learning as obtaining in which capabilities and abilities accomplished are from formal organized courses; and learning as interest in which learning happens while taking an interest inside the arrangement of individual specialists. (Bach, 2005) Moreover the players and training staff impact the work framework, through the choice if the player or the mentor will work with one another. In Bolton Wanderers was the activity that the player from the young has no opportunity to pick the mentor, in light of the fact that the still need an opportunity to play in first group and think a while later to move to another club if there is any offer. Besides the prize is affected by players to convey a decent presentation, e. g. Bolton Wanderers was playing in season 2004-5 since 4 Years in Premier League and they additionally was go to in UEFA cup. Human asset stream conduced to roused players from different players or mentor. It is a high effect of worker staff, for example, training staff and players. Because of it increment the collaboration and each one is for one another there. Discussing hard model and delicate model in the report, when we apply hard model which just spotlights on putting talented individuals required for the associations goals. Utilization of this model to the Bolton Wanderers which targets lessening the costs eventually prompting control and abatement the obligation by following input strategy discloses to us that in any event, when its significant, applying Hard model helps for this situation, as abilities are required, instead of creation. Discovering right candidate for the correct activity is important instead of landing them in the position. Right acknowledgment of a candidate is additionally significant as it spares the ideal opportunity for another enlistment it turns come up short and consequently, means another expense in the records of an association. Millmore et al. 2007) Conclusion To finish up the report it is better comprehended and seen that the utilizations of various mod

Renewable energy law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable power source law - Essay Example There are a few reasons why the legislature should demand the use of sustainable power sources. Sustainable power sources are no liable to cause contamination noticeable all around and on water bodies.However,there are a few wellsprings of sustainable power source that can cause natural debasement if not deliberately utilized; such sources incorporate huge hydro and a few sorts of biomass. Sustainable power source is likewise observed as an ideal model in battling an Earth-wide temperature boost. These wellsprings of vitality don't transmit carbon monoxide into the air in this manner influencing the ozone layer. Further, inexhaustible wellsprings of vitality are practical; they can be utilized for quite a long while without being exhausted. Sustainable wellsprings of vitality, for example, hydro, sun based, geothermal, wind, tidal and wave power have no fuel costs: their creation doesn't rely upon the nearness of fuel for their creation. Their use can forestall the consistently risin g costs of energy.The UK and Canada have the forces to proclaim an official financial zone (EEZ).Such a goals implies that they can set up any association that will be commanded and worried about the creation of sustainable power source. They will likewise have the option to create sustainable power source through the water, flow and winds. The UK has no goal to announce an EEZ, be that as it may, the administration will consider the move once it gets regal consent from the United Nations. Point of reference to this arrangement is seen in the country’s dispatching of an Executive Fishing Zone and another zone for the preservation of the marine condition. These two strategies progress the UK’s capacity in regard to explicit rights, those that exist outside its regional waters (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). Benefits built up in the essential enactment will aid the making of limits to the creation of sustainable power source which is relied upon to work compelled in Counc il. Guideline for this can be found in the auxiliary guideline under segment 1 (7) of the mainland rack act 1967 which is worried about the mapping of the UK’s mainland rack. The administration extends that the sustainable power source zone will likewise work similarly as the UK mainland rack. There are additionally a few cutoff points to these guidelines, it is clear that they will tested by different guidelines from other beach front states, for instance, at the west shoreline of Scotland, the breaking point may reach out to more than 200 mile limit (Roggenkamp and Hammer, 2004). The UK government has got plans to apportion assets fundamental for the improvement of sustainable power source zones, particularly in the Crown state. To guarantee that the seaward sustainable power source establishments satisfy the guidelines of the UK government, arrangement producers in the area will have follow the comparable methodology followed in the Petroleum Act 1998 (Roggenkamp and Hamme r, 2004). This will be accomplished using Orders in Council to guarantee exacting utilization of the essential law of England, Wales and Scotland to the methodology towards sustainable power source speculations and any demonstrations or exclusions submitted with the scope of 500 meters. Further, the administration intends to utilize the insurance delighted in the Submarine Telegraph act 1885 in the submarine link liable for the establishment of sustainable power source gadgets, either in the regional ocean or in its inward waters. To this far, crafted by the legitimate group in the arrangement of guidelines inside the sustainable power source division will be put to rehearse by utilizing significant arrangements of the enactment which are as of now being utilized in its regional waters. The legislature likewise holds the view that seaward sustainable power source and their connection with the coordinated transmission system should respect a similar quality and security as the inland establishments. Approach producers along these lines intend to expand the legitimateness of the areas 29 and 30 of the power demonstration to the sustainable power source zone. Further, because of the probability of catastrophe that seaward sustainable power source may posture to the planes, they plan to likewise utilize the common flying position in order to

Global Warming Essay Sample

Global Warming Sample Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Global warming refers to the persistent rise in the earth’s temperature, including the temperature of the air, the sea, and the surface of the earth. Since the early 20th century, the global air and sea surface temperatures have cumulatively risen by about 0.8 ° C; two-thirds of the rise has been recorded since 1980. It means that the Earth’s surface has become much warmer in the last three decades than ever before, according to the records since 1850 (See, 2001). For this reason, the scientists around the world have been working extra hard to find out the cause of the global warming. This continued research allowed the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to conclude that most effects of the global warming are caused by rising accumulation of greenhouse gases produced as a result of the human activities such as industrial production and engine emissions. This conclusion is supported by over 90% of scientists; i t was also adopted by the national science academies of all leading industrialized nations. Moreover, this assertion was affirmed by the findings of the 2013 research, in which the IPCC indicated that the biggest contributor to the global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted in the process of the   fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and some other human activities such as deforestation (See, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, a recent study conducted by Henrik Svensmark, a Danish physicist, indicated that the carbon dioxide emission is not the primary cause of global warming. Svensmark (2007) came up with the theory of Cosmoclimatology, which outlines a natural mechanism causing the climatic fluctuations. This theory suggests that the accumulation of cosmic rays caused by the variations in the sun's electromagnetic field is the primary driver of the global warming. This paper focuses on the Cosmoclimatology theory in explaining the causes of the global warming. The Cosmoclimatology Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Cosmoclimatology theory outlines a chain of events that causes the fluctuations in the global temperatures, which currently result in a number of climatic challenges and global warming. The theory explains that the global warming is caused by the cosmic rays; the explosion of supernovas and collisions of the celestial objects in the cosmos produce rays that come to the earth surface (Svensmark, 2012). Most of the cosmic rays are prevented from reaching the earth by the electromagnetic activity of the sun. The theory explains that when the sun is active, solar wind sweeps away the cosmic rays around the earth, thus preventing them from reaching the atmosphere. On the other hand, when the sun is inactive, there is insufficient solar wind to sweep away the rays; hence, more cosmic rays penetrate into the earth’s atmosphere.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the cosmic rays reach the lower atmosphere layers of the Earth that contain more sulphur dioxide, ozone, and water vapor, the rays ionizes the air. Consequently, they produce electrons that cause the formation of more cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) hence creation of the more dense clouds (Svensmark Friis-Christensen, 1997). The formed dense low-clouds act as a shield that reflects more solar energy back to the space, thus cooling down the planet. In the absence of the dense clouds, more solar energy reaches the earth’s atmosphere resulting in the global warming. It means that the variations in the sun’s electromagnetic activity and intensity of the cosmic rays from space cause the periodic warming and cooling of the Earth (Svensmark, 2007). Therefore, the presence of the solar-modulated cosmic ray occurrences fully explains the causes of the global warming experienced in the world today. This Cosmoclimatology theory co mpletely exonerates the initial theory about the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emissions as the cause of the global warming. If this theory is right, the present efforts by to world leaders to minimize the greenhouse gas emission from the industries around the world re inconsequential since the real cause is not considered. The nations are going to lose their economic power when more manufacturing processes are reduced or stopped, but global warming will still be experienced. History of the Cosmoclimatology Theory Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of the Cosmoclimatology theory can be traced back to 1904 when Edward L. Maunder tried to associate the occurrence of sunspots with the changes in the world temperatures. In 1904, the scientist noticed that the number of sunspots had an eleven-year cycle. Today, they can be observed in real time online at spaceweather.com website. The analysis of a 400-year record of the sunspots monthly number revealed that there were only few occurrences between 1645 and 1715 (Svensmark, 1998). Maunder named this period the Maunder Minimum and this period corresponded to the coldest period ever experienced in the last 1000 years, also known as the Little Ice Age. A possible link between the sunspots and cold climate has since then instigated the climatologists to continue the study and try to associate the number of sunspots with different climate variables, such as temperature and precipitations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The attempts to link the sunspots and climate variations were later abandoned in the 1980s after it was found out that the percentage adjustment of the solar heating was inadequate to cause the variations. These findings changed the focus to the connections between the cosmic rays and sunspots, beryllium-10 on the surface of meteorites, carbon-14 in the atmosphere, and other issues. Further study reported that the dating of carbon-14 required to be adjusted to follow up the fluctuations of the cosmic rays, the failure made most carbon-14 samples inconsistent (Svensmark, Friis-Christensen, 1997).This finding asked a further question of whether the cosmic rays could have any unknown influence on other geophysical phenomena; hence, the climatologists continued with more research. A New Climate Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1995, a breakthrough was made by Henrik Svensmark; he discovered a convincing link between the cosmic ray flux and cloud cover of the Earth. The scientist has proved that when the sun is more active, more sunspots are recorded, stronger magnetic field is produced, and the larger auroras of the solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines occur; consequently, the solar winds are stronger. The strong solar winds sweep away the cosmic rays around the Earth; thus, fewer cosmic rays reach the earth surface causing the reduction of the cloud cover. This phenomenon results in the warmer temperatures. This relationship is represented in figure 2; it indicates the effect of the cosmic ray number and the low amount of clouds as recorded by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology satellite (Svensmark, 2009). Further analysis of the 22-year period (1983-2005), as shown at figure 2, indicates that there is a relationship between the average amount of low-level cloud and the flux of cosmic rays. These facts bring the conclusion that there is a very high correlation between the two variables. This finding was also approved when Svensmark employed proxy data to analyze the relationship for a longer period. For instance, the researcher noted that, when the sun was inactive during the Little Ice Age, there was high cosmic ray flux from the space. The high cosmic rays that penetrated into the earth’s atmosphere led to ionization of air; hence, the cloud cover was thicker. The thick cloud reflected the sun rays and global temperatures became cooler. On the other hand, the situation changed after 1750 when the sun’s activity increased. During the post-1750 period when the sun was more active, the cosmic ray flux reduced since there were stronger solar winds that swept away the cosmic rays. Consequently, the thickness of the cloud cover decreased, thus allowing more sun rays to reach the earth surface leading to an increase in the global temperatures (Svensmark, 2009). According to the findings, Svensmark concluded that the global warming experienced especially acute in the last 150 years is directly linked with the solar activity and cosmic rays, but not with the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the human activities. It is noted that a minimal change in the thickness of the cloud cover by only 3-4%, as a result of the cosmic ray flux, is sufficient to cause the global temperature changes by a few degrees due to the inability of the loose cloud layer to reflect back the sun rays. This explanation makes more sense than the initial theory that considered the variations in the sun’s direct radiation as a possible cause of global warming. This assumption was disproved after it was found out that that the radiation made the temperatures vary by a few tenths only that was insufficient to cause the global warming (Svensmark Friis-Christensen, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The further analysis of the data collected from the cloud cover satellites when compared with the amount of galactic cosmic rays recorded by a ground station pointed out that an increase in the cosmic rays reaching the earth’s surface make the world cloudier than when the amount of the cosmic rays are low. This finding demonstrated a unique link between the terrestrial and cosmological events, thus proving the earth’s weather and climatic patterns being the product of cosmic-ray accelerators, such as the supernova remnants present in the Milky Way. It was announced at the 1996 COSPA space science meeting, which was held in Birmingham, UK (Svensmark, 1997). This announcement revealed the influence that the sun has and proved that the clouds produce an undisputable cooling effect of the globe. Meanwhile, the amount of the cosmic-rays fluctuation depends on the strength of the solar magnetic field, which eventually reflects much of the particles from the space.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This link between the solar activity and climate gives the basis for Cosmological theory and stipulates that the climate change is naturally driven and is not related to the human activities, and the greenhouse gas emission (particularly CO2) as stipulated in the original theory. For the last ten years, this scientific assertion has incorporated different empirical and experimental evidence that the solar activity influences the climate. Today, however, it is not widely applied, and the efforts to rebut it remain unsuccessful up to date. Svensmark (1997) named this theory - the Cosmoclimatology. Nowadays, the theory is developing; it incorporates the current issues of astrophysics and solar-terrestrial physics, as well as some issues of astrobiology. In particular, it is interested in the aspects of how the outer space affects the living organisms and in the search for extraterrestrial life considering the high energy universe. Analysis of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Theory Strength of the Cosmoclimatology Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The strength of this theory is in its consistency with the other scientific branches of astronomy such as astrophysics and solar-terrestrial physics, which studies the variations in the sun's electromagnetic field and the solar magnetic field, which in turn affects the cosmic rays. The theory also corresponds with the other scientific branches such as the astrobiology that explains the relationship between the outer space and living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life considering the high energy universe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The assertions of the Cosmoclimatology theory bases on the strength of the findings verifiability through the observable variations of the low cloud cover with respect to the changed in the cosmic-rays fluctuation. The empirical evidence provided by Marsh and Svensmark (2000) and Svensmark (2007) confirms that the cosmic rays influence the cloud cover of the Earth. Equally, experimental evidence regarding the microphysical mechanism also indicates that the cosmic rays hasten the production of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The Antarctic climate inconsistency is also an indicator of the clouds ability to influence climate and the quasi-periodic climate changes over longer time; this fact also proves the disparities in the production of radio-nuclide by the cosmic rays (Svensmark, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Calculations to understand the link between the geomagnetic field variations and cosmic rays also allow to widen the horizons of space and time to be considered in the period of when the earth was young. According to Elrick and Hinnov (2006), the climatic effects of the quasi-cyclical variations of the sun are seen throughout the Phanerozoic in the geological timescales. It means that the major changes in the climate are more evident in the longer time periods when the environment of the solar system varies and the changes in the cosmic-ray increases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The result of the experiment performed by Svensmark (2007) on the Cloud Condensation Nuclei also offers an equivocal finding that the cosmic rays increase the number and size of CCN that creates the clouds droplets. This experiment was scientifically proved and revealed the intriguing correlation. To carry out this experiment, Svensmark constructed a cloud chamber containing sulfuric acid generated from the water vapor, ozone from the atmosphere above the ocean, and sulphur dioxide. He conducted a test to establish if CCN can be increased by the cosmic rays. The experiment found out that the cosmic rays could ionize the particles in the air, leading to the release of the electrons that eventually attach to the oxygen molecules and further join other water and sulfur dioxide particles to form the clusters. This process takes place exceptionally quickly and repeatedly for each electron. In this case, the electrons function as the catalysts t o instigate the formation of the molecules that increase in size to produce the sulfuric acid CCN. The researcher further reported that when the resultant air was increased through the natural meteorological processes, these accumulated CCN condensed and formed more dense clouds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the experimental results by Svensmark (2007) named the SKY, further evidence of the results were delivered in 2010 in an experiment the CLOUD, which was conducted at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. â€Å"They confirmed that cloudiness is more clearly linked with solar -modulated galactic cosmic rays than with other solar phenomena such as sunspots or the emissions of visible light, ultraviolet and X-rays (Svensmark, 1998). According to Marsh and Svensmark (2000), a major breakthrough in this issue was made with the understanding that â€Å"the lowest clouds, below about 3 km in altitude respond most closely to variations in the cosmic rays.† The Weaknesses of the Cosmoclimatology Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major weakness of the Cosmoclimatology theory originates purely from the refuters of the theory. For instance, it is noted that there is no clear physical association between the cosmic rays and the formation of clouds. The other weakness touches on the failure to explain the effect of CO2 on the water vapors and clouds. In a more recent study, also established with the help of the high-quality satellite data, it was revealed that more the cloud cover vary at the global and regional levels. This fact is considered to prove that the cosmic rays, as well as solar irradiance, have no statistically significant influence on the thickness of the cloud cover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another weakness highlighted by Lockwood and Frohlich (2007) refers to exaggeration of findings to favor the theory. Similarly, in 2013, Sloan and Wolfendale indicated that despite the fact that the temperature models recorded minimal correlation after every 22 years, less than 14% of global warming incidences since the 1950s could be associated with the cosmic rays. In this case, the study established that the cosmic ray rate did not correspond with the temperature changes; thus, it is not a causal relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the analysis of the impact of the space cosmic rays on the cloud cover, Professor Terry Sloan published a research that aimed at testing the suggested causal link between the cosmic rays and cloud cover. She found no considerable association between the cosmic ray intensity and the thickness of cloud cover in the past 20 years (Sloan Wolfendale, 2008). Such findings weaken the assertions by Svensmark that initially established a close correlation between the two variables. The parallel theories such as that of the millennial evidence that shows correlation between CO2 and temperature also undermine the Cosmoclimatology theory. In this case, the changes in the temperature are associated with the changes in the CO2 levels. Does the Cosmoclimatology Theory Portray the Modern World Accurately?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Cosmoclimatology theory, in my view, effectively explains one of the causes of the global warming. The fact that there are links in the variations of cosmic rays amount as a result of the solar activities changes and concurrent changes in the climate show that there is a certain relationship between the cosmic rays and cloud formation. Consequently, they influence the global temperatures. In addition, the geological evidence of glaciations in terms of history shows that the earth’s climate is closely dependant on the composition of the solar system. The empirical and experimental evidences regarding the theory very; thus, they prove that the theory effectively explains the situations. For instance, in 2013, Enghoff, Pedersen, Uggerhoj, Paling, and Svensmark (2011) in another study confirmed that there was a certain correlation between the cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols and clouds, and that 50% of the world temperature variations are attributed to the solar activity. These findings consistent with the studies done more than a decade ago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, it is important to note that there could be the causes of global warming, other than the cosmic rays theory. The issue is still open for more research. Therefore, the other theories such as the greenhouse gas emission theory should also be considered in explaining the possibility of the existence of multiple factors contributing to the global warming. For instance, the emission of greenhouse gases has been blamed for the depletion of the ozone layer that used to reflect more sun rays back to the space. The human activities, particularly the ones associated with the CO2 emissions interfere with the atmospheric air balance leading to the climate changes. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The paper has studied the theories that explain the global warming associated with the rise in the Earth’s temperatures, including the air, sea, and surface temperatures. The global warming causes catastrophic effects including extreme weather patterns like drought, storms, and development of a some dangerous diseases. In the search to understand the causes of the global warming, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that most effects of the global warming experienced today are caused by the increasing accumulation of the greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the human activities such as industrial production and engine emissions. However, this paper concentrated on an alternative theory known as Cosmoclimatology as the possible explanation of the global warming. This theory asserts that the climatic fluctuations are caused by natural mechanism. It suggests that the accumulation of cosmic rays that is caus ed by the variations in the sun's electromagnetic field leads to the formation of the cloud cover that helps reflect the sun rays preventing them from reaching the earth’s atmosphere and surface, thus providing a cooling effect. Do you want to  Write this Essay in the MLA Style? We can help!

Buds Big Blue Manufacturing Case - Free Essay Example

1. ) After performing any alternative procedures, the auditor should evaluate the combined evidence provided by the confirmations and the alternative procedures to determine whether sufficient evidence has been obtained about all the applicable financial statement assertions. In performing that evaluation, the auditor should consider (a) the reliability of the confirmations and alternative procedures; (b) the nature of any exceptions, including the implications, both quantitative and qualitative, of those exceptions; (c) the evidence provided by other procedures; and (d) whether additional evidence is needed. If the combined evidence provided by the confirmations, alternative procedures, and other procedures is not sufficient, the auditor should request additional confirmations or extend other tests, such as tests of details or analytical procedures. (AU 330) Paragraph . 09 of section 326, Audit Evidence, states that the auditor should consider the reliability of the information t o be used as audit evidence. Confirmations obtained electronically can be considered to be reliable audit evidence if the auditor is satisfied that (a) the electronic confirmation process is secure and properly controlled, (b) the information obtained is a direct communication in response to a request, and (c) the information is obtained from a third party who is the intended respondent. 2. ) During the performance of confirmation procedures, the auditor should maintain control over the confirmation requests and responses. Maintaining control means establishing direct communication between the intended recipient and the auditor to minimize the possibility that the results will be biased because the interception and alteration of the confirmation requests or responses. The possibility that results will be biased based on interception and alteration of the confirmation requests and responses, is a prospect of what can go wrong if the auditor does not maintain control over the co nfirmation process. 3. ) Confirmation #Date SentDate ReceivedDifference Noted By Customer? Is the noted difference a misstatement Has sufficient evidence been obtained that confirms the client’s recorded balance? If no, describe additional procedures you believe should be performed. 711/12/091/22/09YesNoYes 721/12/092/5/09NoNoYes 731/12/091/26/09NoNoYes 741/12/092/9/09N/AN/AFollow up why they didn’t follow procedure and mail directly back to auditing firm. 751/12/092/6/09NoNoYes 761/12/091/30/09NoNoNo. Investigate BBB stamp on paper. Date received day after that noted on stamp 771/12/091/19/09YesYesCheck cash receipts. 4. ) Confirmation is the process of obtaining and evaluating a direct communication from a third party in response to a request for information about a particular item affecting financial statement assertions. Negative confirmation is a written request by the external auditor sent to a party having a financial relationship with the client and askin g for a reply only in the case of disagreement. The negative form requests the recipient to respond only if he or she disagrees with the information stated on the request. Negative confirmation requests may be used to reduce audit risk to an acceptable level when (a) the combined assessed level of inherent and control risk is low, (b) a large number of small balances is involved, and (c) the auditor has no reason to believe that the recipients of the requests are unlikely to give them consideration. The auditor should consider performing other substantive procedures to supplement the use of negative confirmations. Negative confirmation requests may generate responses indicating misstatements, and are more likely to do so if the auditor sends a large number of negative confirmation requests and such misstatements are widespread. The auditor should investigate relevant information provided on negative confirmations that have been returned to the auditor to determine the effect s uch information may have on the audit. If the auditors investigation of responses to negative confirmation requests indicates a pattern of misstatements, the auditor should reconsider his or her combined assessed level of inherent and control risk and consider the effect on planned audit procedures. Although returned negative confirmations may provide evidence about the financial statement assertions, unreturned negative confirmation requests rarely provide significant evidence concerning financial statement assertions other than certain aspects of the existence assertion. Positive confirmation is a written or oral request by the auditor of a party having financial dealings with the client about the accuracy of an item. A response is required whether the particular item is correct or incorrect. A positive confirmation can be sent to customers to verify account balances. Some positive forms request the respondent to indicate whether he or she agrees with the information stated on the request. Other positive forms, referred to as blank forms, do not state the amount (or other information) on the confirmation request, but request the recipient to fill in the balance or furnish other information. Positive forms provide audit evidence only when responses are received from the recipients; non responses do not provide audit evidence about the financial statement assertions being addressed. Since there is a risk that recipients of a positive form of confirmation request with the information to be confirmed contained on it may sign and return the confirmation without verifying that the information is correct, blank forms may be used as one way to mitigate this risk. Thus, the use of blank confirmation requests may provide a greater degree of assurance about the information confirmed. However, blank forms might result in lower response rates because additional effort may be required of the recipients; consequently, the auditor may have to perform more altern ative procedures. 5. ) A real-life situation where an auditor apparently did not maintain sufficient control over the confirmation process, was an incident in 1994, where Sky Scientific, Inc. ramatically overstated assets and understated expenses in its financial statements. An SEC investigation into those financial statements led to charges being filed against both the company and its auditors. This case takes a detailed look into the independent audit of Sky’s financial statements for the purpose of understanding how the auditors failed to see the extent to which Sky’s financial reporting was misleading and to adequately challenge the assertions presented in the financial statements before Sky filed them with the SEC. This case provides an opportunity to examine numerous issues related to the audit engagement process, including audit planning, the evaluation of management representations, audit evidence and the confirmation process. The roles and responsibilities of the concurring auditor and an outside specialist are also discussed. SEC Charges In late July 1994 a senior geologist on the Commission’s staff visited some of Sky’s California and Nevada mining operations. At three of those properties she found no evidence of current or recent mining activity, no equipment, and no personnel. At another mine she found equipment and personnel but no tailings that might indicate that recent operations had existed. As a result of these observations and the recent filing of Sky’s audited financial statements, the SEC opened its investigation of Sky on August 26, 1994. In 1999 the SEC charged several members of Sky management with fraudulent accounting practices and for filing false and misleading financial statements with the Commission. They also charged American Capital Network and Robert Schlien with violations of several federal securities laws. Barry Scutillo and Mark Jensen were charged with engaging in improper profe ssional conduct in that they intentionally, knowingly and recklessly violated the applicable professional standards when auditing a public company. Specifically, Scutillo and Jensen were charged with recklessly failing to see that most of Sky’s assets were fictitious or massively overvalued and that millions of dollars in expenses had not been recorded on Sky’s books.

French Words Nouveau vs. Neuf

English speakers sometimes find it difficult to translate new into French, due to confusion over the French words nouveau and neuf. In fact, the French adjectives have distinctly different meanings; the problem is actually caused by the fact that the English new has more than one meaning. Fortunately, this is an easy problem to remedy. Read over this lesson, learn the difference between nouveau and neuf, and you wont have any more trouble saying new in French. Nouveau Nouveau means new in the sense of new to the owner - a change or improvement; that is, something that is new because its different than what came before, regardless of whether it is brand new from the store. The opposite of nouveau is ancien (former).As-tu vu ma nouvelle voiture ?Have you seen my new car?(The car is not necessarily new out of the factory; new here means new to the speaker.)Il a mis une nouvelle chemise.He put a new shirt on.(He took off the shirt he was wearing and put a different one on in its place. The new shirt may or may not be new from the store; the important thing here is that it is different.)Cest nouveau.Its new.(I just bought/found/made it.)Nous avons un nouvel appartement.We have a new apartment.(We just moved.)Jai vu le nouveau pont.I saw the new bridge.(The replacement for the one that got washed out.) Nouveau precedes the noun it modifies and changes to agree in gender and number with it.nouveau - nouvelle - nouveaux - nouvellesNouveau has a special form for masculine nouns that begin with a vowel: nouvel. Note that une nouvelle is a piece of news and les nouvelles refer to the news in general. Neuf Neuf means new in the sense of brand new, fresh out of the factory, first of its kind. The opposite of neuf is vieux (old).Je nai jamais achetà © une voiture neuve.Ive never bought a new car.(I always buy used cars.)Il a achetà © une chemise neuve.He bought a new shirt.(He went to the store and bought a brand-new shirt.)Comme neuf.As good as new.(Its fixed, so now its just like new.)Nous avons un appartement neuf.We have a new apartment.(We live in a brand-new building.)Jai vu le Pont neuf.I saw the Pont neuf (in Paris).(Although this is the oldest bridge in Paris, at the time it was built and named, it was a brand-new bridge in a brand-new spot.) Neuf follows the noun it modifies and changes to agree in gender and number with it:neuf - neuve - neufs - neuves Remember that neuf is also the number nine:Jai neuf cousins - I have nine cousins. Nouveau vs Neuf In summary, nouveau means something has changed, while neuf indicates that something is newly-made. With this new knowledge, you shouldnt have any more trouble deciding whether to use neuf or nouveau.